Ajam

Ajam is a word used in Persian and Arabic literature, but with different meanings.

In Arabic, Ajam (عجم) has two meanings: "non-Arab", and "Persian". Literally it has the meaning "one who is illiterate in language", "silent", or "mute", and refers to non-Arabs in general. In the former sense it is a neutral term meaning "stranger" or "foreign".

Etymology

Origin

Ajam has one primary meaning in Arabic: "non-Arab".

• according to a traditional etymology The word `ajam comes from the Semitic root `-j-m. Related forms of the same root include, but are not limited to:
• `ajama / 'a'jama / `ajjama: to dot - in particular, to add the dots that distinguish between various Arabic letters to a text (and hence make it easier for a non-native Arabic speaker to read). Now an obsolete term, since all modern Arabic texts are dotted. This may also be linked to `ajaam / `ajam: pit/seed (e.g. of a date or grape).

• in'ajama: (of speech) to be incomprehensible
• ista'jama: to fall silent; to be unable to speak
• 'a'jam: non-fluent
• musta'jim: mute, incapable of speech

Homophonous words, which may or may not be derived from the same root, include:

• `ajama: to test (a person); to try (a food).

• according to A speculative doctorine etymology `Ajam comes from the first name of the ancient Persian king, Jamshid, The etymology would have "Ajam" as an arabized version of the kings name 'Jam' rooted in Sanskrit" Jam" or Yami,(Sanskrit: यमी) is the first woman, along with her twin brother Yama. She is also the Goddess of river Yamuna, connected to the mythology surrounding the Hindu god Krishna. Jam or Jamshid in Persian mythologyis the first king of kings of the world or the lord of the univers. according to the book "document on the persian gulf's name"page23-50 ,all the words related to Semitic root" `-j-m"(like: moajam-ajma-) also had a root in "Jam"Yami,and in the cours of history different meaning have been given to the word. A.Jam is from addition of the definite article Al-and deletion of "l"in pronunciation. according to that book although jÄ«m is a lunar and Lrarly will be omitted in pronounce but explanation can account for the anomalous assimilation of the "l" by the jÄ«m or the ayin at the beginning of the word in place of the alif that would be expected from the article al-.because there are many exception for the lunar and Solar in Arabic.

Development

According to The Political Language of Islam, during the Islamic period, Ajam was originally used as a reference to denote those whom Arabs in the Arabian peninsula viewed as "alien" or outsiders. The early application of the term included all of the non-Arab peoples with whom the Arabs had contact including Persians, Byzantine Greeks, Ethiopians, Armenians, Assyrians, Syriacs, Mandeans, Arameans, Jews, Georgians, Sabians, Samaritans, Egyptians, Berbers and the somewhat related Nabataeans.The original meaning still exists, and in much of the non-Arabic speaking Muslim world the term does not have a pejorative meaning as the word is understood to mean anyone who does not speak Arabic.

During the early age of the Caliphates, Ajam was often synonymous for "barbarian" or stranger. In the eastern parts of the Middle East, it was generally applied to the Persians, while in al-Andalus it referred to speakers of Romance languages - becoming "Aljamiado" in Spanish in reference to Arabic-script writing of those languages - and in West Africa, Ajami similarly refers to Ajami script, or the writing of local languages such as Hausa and Fulani in the Arabic alphabet. In Zanzibar ajami and ajamo means Persian which came from the Persian Gulf and the cities of Shiraz and Siraf. In Turkish and Urdu, there are many documents and letters that used ajam to refer to Persian Muhammad Iqbal poem : ey javanan e Ajam Jaan E man o jaan e shoma(O youngs of Iranian i love you and i ....)but in recent literature the usage of the term is not used to any ethnic group, but instead may have evolved from the original Arabic usage for outsiders in general.

The verb ʿaǰama originally meant "to mumble, and speak indistinctly", which is the opposite of ʿaraba, “to speak clearly”. Accordingly, the noun ʿoǰma, of the same root, is the opposite of foṣḥa, which means "chaste, correct, Arabic language". In general, Ajam was a pejorative term used by Arabs conscious of their social and political superiority, in early Islam. However, the distinction between Arab and Ajam is discernible in pre-Islamic poetry.

According to Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "by the 3rd/9th century, the non-Arabs, and above all the Persians, were asserting their social and cultural equality (taswÄ«a) with the Arabs, if not their superiority (tafżīl) over them (a process seen in the literary movement of the Å oÊ¿Å«bÄ«ya). In any case, there was always in some minds a current of admiration for the Ê¿AÇ°am as heirs of an ancient, cultured tradition of life. Even the great proponent of the Arab cause, Jāḥeáº", wrote a Ketāb al-taswÄ«a bayn al-Ê¿Arab wa’l-Ê¿AÇ°am. After these controversies had died down, and the Persians had achieved a position of power in the Islamic world comparable to their numbers and capabilities, "Ê¿Ajam" became a simple ethnic and geographical designation.". Thus by the 9th century, the term was being used by Persians themselves as an ethnic term, and examples can be given by Asadi Tusi in his poem comparing the superiority of Persians and Arabs. Accordingly: "territorial notions of “Iran,” are reflected in such terms as irānÅ¡ahr, irānzamin, or Faris, the Arabicized form of Pārs/Fārs (Persia). The ethnic notion of “Iranian” is denoted by the Persian words Pārsi or Irāni, and the Arabic term Ahl Faris (inhabitants of Persia) or Ê¿Ajam, referring to non-Arabs, but primarily to Persians as in molk-e Ê¿Ajam (Persian kingdom) or moluk-e Ê¿Ajam (Persian kings).".

In the Persian Gulf region today, people usually refer to Persian as Ajami as they refer to Persian carpet (Ajami carpet or sajjad al Ajami), Persian cat (Ajami cat), and Persian emperors (Ajami kings). The Persian community in Bahrain calls itself Ajami.

• 'Ajam was used by the Ottomans to refer to the Safavids
• The Kurdish historian, Sharaf-al-Din Bitlisi, uses the term Ajam( عجم) in his book Sharafnama (1597 CE) to refer to the Shia Persians.
• Modern Sunni Kurds of Iran use this term to denote Persians, Azeris and Southern Kurds.
• Adjam, Hajjam, Ajaim, Ajami, Akham (as Axam in Spain for ajam), Ayam in Europe.
• In Turkish, the usage of the term is not applied to any ethnic group, but instead appears to have evolved from the original Arabic usage for outsiders in-general and shifted into a different meaning as the term ajemi (in modern Turkish acemi) literally means rookie, clumsy, inept or novice. The word, with this meaning, has been borrowed into languages of the former Ottoman Empire such as Bulgarian and Macedonian (аджамия), Serbo-Croatian (adžamija), and Greek (ατζαμής) .
• It is also used as a surname.
• It is also the old name of Iran used mostly by Arabs and Turks (keshvar-e Ajam) as a synonym to Persia, also a medieval name for the Persian Gulf (Bahr-e Ajam), or to refer to the follower of Shia religion.
• In Arabic music there is a maqam (musical mode) called Ajam, meaning "the Persian mode", corresponding to the major scale in European music.
• In Northern Indian music there is a muqam called Navroz-e-Ajam.
• The term is commonly used to refer to Persians in Bahrain.
• In Kuwait, traditionally used to referring people of Ajam ancestry.

See also

• Mawali
• Kafir
• Ajami (disambiguation)
• Nemets - the name given to Germany or the German people in many Slavic languages, with a similar derivation to Ajam

References