Thomas Nashe

Thomas Nashe (November 1567 â€" c. 1601) is considered the greatest of the English Elizabethan pamphleteers. He was also a playwright, poet, and satirist. He was the son of the parson William Nashe and Margaret (née Witchingham).

Early life

Thomas Nashe was born and baptised in Lowestoft, on the coast of Suffolk, where his father, William Nashe, or Nayshe as it is recorded, was curate. Though his mother, Margaret, bore seven children, only two survived childhood: Israel (born in 1565) and Thomas. The family moved to West Harling, near Thetford in 1573 after Nashe's father was awarded the living there at the church of All Saints. Around 1581 Thomas went up to St John's College, Cambridge as a sizar, gaining his bachelor's degree in 1586. From references in his own polemics and those of others, he does not seem to have proceeded Master of Arts there. Most of his biographers agree that he left his college about summer 1588, as his name appears on a list of students due to attend philosophy lectures in that year. His reasons for leaving are unclear; his father may have died the previous year, but Richard Lichfield maliciously reported that Nashe had fled possible expulsion for his role in Terminus et non terminus, one of the raucous student theatricals popular at the time. Some years later, William Covell wrote in Polimanteia that Cambridge "has been unkind to the one [i.e., Nashe] to wean him before his time." Nashe himself claimed that he could have become a fellow had he wished (in Have With You to Saffron-Walden).

In London and Marprelate controversy

Then he moved to London and started his literary career in earnest. The remaining decade of his life was dominated by two concerns: finding an adequate patron and participating in controversies, most famously with Richard and Gabriel Harvey. He arrived in London with his one exercise in euphuism, The Anatomy of Absurdity. His first appearance in print was, however, his preface to Robert Greene's Menaphon, which offers a brief definition of art and overview of contemporary literature. After this (and the publication of Anatomy) he was drawn into the Martin Marprelate controversy on the side of the bishops. As with the other writers in the controversy, his share is difficult to determine. He was formerly credited with the three "Pasquill" tracts of 1589â€"1590, which were included in R. B. McKerrow's standard edition of Nashe's works: however McKerrow himself later argued strongly against their being by Nashe. The anti-Martinist An Almond for a Parrot (1590), ostensibly credited to one "Cutbert Curry-knave," is now universally recognised as Nashe's work, although its author humorously claims, in its dedication to the comedian William Kempe, to have met Harlequin in Bergamo while returning from a trip to Venice in the summer of 1589. However, there is no evidence Nashe had either time or means to go abroad, and he never subsequently refers to having visited Venice elsewhere in his work.

In 1590, he contributed a preface to an unlicensed edition of Philip Sidney's Astrophil and Stella, but the edition was called in, and the authorised second edition removed Nashe's work.

Erotica

At some time in the early 1590s Nashe produced an erotic poem, The Choice of Valentines that begins with a sonnet to "Lord S". It has been suggested that The Choice of Valentines was written possibly for the private circle of Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby (then known as Lord Strange). It has alternatively been suggested that “Lord S.” refers to the Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare’s patron, just as Nashe had inscribed The Unfortunate Traveler, to “Lord Henry Wriothesley Earl of Southampton”.

The Choice of Valentines circulated only in manuscript. It describes the Valentine's Day visit of a young man named 'Tomalin' to the brothel where his lover, "Mistris Francis", has recently become employed. Tomalin poses as a customer. Having paid ten gold pieces for her favours, Tomalin makes his way towards his erotic goal.

And make me happie, stealing by degrees.

First bare hir legs, then creepe up to her knees ...

The object of his desire, "A pretty rising womb", is revealed. Unfortunately Tomalin finds the moment so exciting that he "spends" his all before the "fight" has begun. Mistress Frances is disappointed and does what she can to revive things.

"Unhappyie me," quoth she, "and wilt not stand?

Com, let me rubb and chafe it with my hand!"

She perseveres in arousing him, is successful, and they make love. This begins a lengthy and witty erotic passage. But to her disappointment, Tomalin is prematurely satisfied â€" “the well is drye that should refresh”. Mistress Frances then decides to take matters into her own hands, reaches for the device of the poem's informal title, Nashe's Dildo.

My little dildo shall suplye their kind,

A knave that moves as light as leaves by winde;

That bendeth not, nor fouldeth anie deale,

But stands as stiff as he were made of steele,

And plays at peacock twixt my leggs right blythe.

This poem comes to an end with Tomalin ranting against the “Eunike dilldo” that has taken his place. It was sharply criticised for its obscenity by contemporary authors Joseph Hall and John Davies of Hereford. Nashe had tried to pre-empt criticism by placing it in the tradition of classical erotica: "Yet Ovid's wanton muse did not offend".

Compared to other such works it is a decent example of Elizabethan pornography, and does not descend into anything terribly nasty. It’s certainly not deserving the stern disapprobation it has attracted over the years. It appears not to have been Nashe’s only foray into this category of writing. When he was accused of “prostituting” his pen, he answered, in 1596, by writing:

It may and it may not bee so ... [but] when ... the bottom of my purse is turnd downeward, & my conduit of incke will no longer flowe for want of reparations, I am faine to let my Plow stand still in the midst of a furrow, and follow some of these new-fangled Galiardos and Senior Fantasticos, to whose amorous Villanellas and Quipassas I prostitute my pen in hope of gaine.

On the question of what this poem might say about Nashe’s own sexuality, Nashe biographer Charles Nicholl, says “not a lot perhaps”, but points out that “there is nothing second hand” about Nashe’s “evocations of sex.”

Feud with the Harvey brothers

His friendship with Greene drew Nashe into the Harvey controversy, involving the brothers Richard and Gabriel Harvey. In 1590, Richard Harvey's The Lamb of God complained of the anti-Martinist pamphleteers in general, including a side-swipe at the Menaphon preface. Two years later, Greene's A Quip for an Upstart Courtier contained a passage on "rope makers" that clearly refers to the Harveys (whose father made ropes). The passage, which was removed from subsequent editions, may have been Nashe's. After Gabriel Harvey mocked Greene's death in Four Letters, Nashe wrote Strange News (1592). Nashe attempted to apologise in the preface to Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem (1593), but the appearance of Pierce's Supererogation shortly after offended Nashe anew. He replied with Have with You to Saffron-Walden (1596), with a possibly sardonic dedication to Richard Lichfield, a barber of Cambridge. Harvey did not publish a reply, but Lichfield answered in a tract called "The Trimming of Thomas Nash," (1597). This pamphlet also contained a crude woodcut portrait of Nashe, shown as a man disreputably dressed and in fetters.

Major works

Alongside this running dispute, Nashe produced his more famous works. While staying in the household of Archbishop John Whitgift at Croydon in October 1592 he wrote an entertainment called Summer's Last Will and Testament, a "show" with some resemblance to a masque. In brief, the plot describes the death of Summer, who, feeling himself to be dying, reviews the performance of his former servants and eventually passes the crown on to Autumn. The play was published in 1600. Nashe is widely remembered for three short poems, all drawn from this play and frequently reprinted in anthologies of Elizabethan verse: “Adieu, farewell, earth’s bliss,” “Fair summer droops” and “Autumn hath all the summer’s fruitful treasure.” Nashe may also have contributed to Henry VI, Part 1, the play later published under Shakespeare's name as the first part of the Henry VI trilogy. Many scholars believe that Shakespeare himself, who was just starting out as a writer, only contributed some scenes to the play. Gary Taylor believes that Nashe was the principal author of the first act. Nashe subsequently promoted the play in his pamphlet Pierce Penniless. In 1593 Nashe published Christ's Tears Over Jerusalem, a pamphlet dedicated to Lady Elizabeth Carey. Despite the work's apparently devotional nature it contained satirical material which gave offence to the London civic authorities and Nashe was briefly imprisoned in Newgate. The intervention of Lady Elizabeth's husband Sir George Carey gained his release.

He remained in London apart from periodic visits to the countryside to avoid the plague â€" a fear reflected in the play Summers last will and Testament, written in the autumn of 1592. William Sommers, whose comments frame the play, was Henry VIII's jester. It includes the famous lyric:

Adieu, farewell earths blisse,

This world uncertaine is,

Fond are lifes lustful joyes,

Death proves them all but toyes,

None from his darts can flye;

I am sick, I must dye:

Lord, have mercy on us.

In 1597 Nashe co-wrote the play The Isle of Dogs with Ben Jonson. The work caused a major controversy for its "seditious" content. The play was suppressed and never published. Jonson was jailed; Nashe's house was raided and his papers seized but he had already escaped to the country. He remained for some time in Great Yarmouth before returning to London.

Nashe was alive in 1599, when his last known work, Nashes Lenten Stuffe, was published, and dead by 1601, when he was memorialised in a Latin verse in Affaniae by Charles Fitzgeoffrey. He was featured in Thomas Dekker's News from Hell and referred to in the anonymous Parnassus plays, of which the latter provides this epitaph:

Let all his faultes sleepe with his mournfull chest

And there for ever with his ashes rest.

His style was wittie, though it had some gall,

Some things he might have mended, so may all.

Yet this I say, that for a mother witt,

Few men have ever seene the like of it.

Chronology of Nashe's works

• 1589 The Anatomy of Absurdity
• 1589 Preface to Greene's Menaphon
• 1590 An Almond for a Parrot
• 1591 Preface to Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella
• 1592 Pierce Penniless
• 1592 Summer's Last Will and Testament (play performed 1592, published 1600)
• 1592 Strange News
• 1593 Christ's Tears over Jerusalem
• 1594 Terrors of the Night
• 1594 The Unfortunate Traveller
• 1596 Have with You to Saffron-Walden
• 1597 Isle of Dogs (Lost)
• 1599 Nashe's Lenten Stuffe

He is also credited with the erotic poem The Choice of Valentines and his name appears on the title page of Christopher Marlowe's Dido, Queen of Carthage, though there is uncertainty as to what Nashe's contribution was. Some editions of this play, still extant in the 18th century but now unfortunately lost, contained memorial verses on Marlowe by Nashe, who was his friend.

See also

• Canons of Elizabethan poetry

Notes

References

• R. B. McKerrow, ed., The Works of Thomas Nashe, 5 vols. 1904â€"10, repr. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958. (The standard edition.)

External links

• Works by Thomas Nashe at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Thomas Nashe at Internet Archive
• Works by Thomas Nashe at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Thomas Nashe at luminarium.org â€" Nashe's works; classic and recent essays on Nashe
• Works by Thomas Nashe at the Oxford Authorship Site, edited by Nina Green (modern spelling).
• Archival material relating to Thomas Nashe listed at the UK National Archives
• A Cup of News: The Life of Thomas Nashe at Google Books.
• With reproduction of original title page: Pierce Penilesse his supplication to the deuill. Describing the ouer-spreading of Vice, and the suppression of Vertue. Pleasantly interlac'd with variable delights: and pathetically intermixt with conceipted reproofes. Written by Thomas Nash, Gentleman. London, Imprinted by Richard Ihones ... 1592