.ru is the Latin alphabet Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Russian Federation introduced on April 7, 1994. The Russian alphabet internationalized country code is .рф.
The control of .ru is assigned to the Coordination Center for TLD RU (CC for TLD RU), the current official registry. On 1 January 2005 the former registry Russian Institute for Public Networks (RIPN) has fully stopped to provide operations for registrations directly under .ru but still carries out registry operations for the third-level domain names under .com.ru, .net.ru, .org.ru and .pp.ru.
The company RELCOM also proposes third-level registrations beneath various second-level domains such as .msk.ru (Moscow), while Macomnet Telcom proposes third-level registrations beneath .int.ru simultaneously.
Background
Leonid Todorov (ccTLD .RU), Domain Forum 2012 - Leonid Todorov, ccTLD .RU Theme: "Russian national domain market"
The creation of .ru in April, 1994 was preceded by a historical agreement in 1993 known as “The order of RU top-level domain administrationâ€. According to the agreement, administrative and technical support responsibilities for the national domain RU were to be handed over to the Russian Institute for Public Networks (RIPN). In 2002 the administrative functions was handed over to the Coordination Center for TLD RU (CC for TLD RU).
Development of .ru
The national domain in Russia is developing rapidly according to self-regulatory principles. In 1993, an informal union, a RU Top-level Domain Coordination group including the leading Russian Internet providers as well as scientific and educational networks entrusted RIPN with RU domain administration.
In 1998, RIPN and RU top-level domain Coordination group established a domain registering association. Subsequently, in 2000, a new system of domain names registration in RU top-level domain was introduced. It was a distributed system of second-level domain name registration in RU top-level domain through accredited Registrars. The accredited registrars provide domain name registration and support services based on the "first come, first served" principle to the end-users so far.
RIPN became one of four co-founders of the Coordination Center for TLD RU but continued to support centralized technical aspect of the national domain operation. All organizational and administrative functions were handed over to the Coordination Center for TLD RU. To preserve the historical continuity, one of the Coordination center's committees was established on the basis of RU top-level domain Coordination group.
The Coordination Center for TLD RU develops domain names registration rules in RU top-level domain, registrars accreditation procedure and promoting perspective projects that involve Russian national domain growth. Whereas, the RIPN secures national domain RU technical base functioning and supports the DNS.
The new distributed registration system was tested in 2001 and implemented in 2005.
Second-level domains
Although direct registration of second-level domains is widespread, there are a number of preset second-level domains designated for third-level domains for various types of organizations and geographic locations. The full list is published on the Coordination Center for TLD RU website.
Generic second-level domains
- .ac.ru : scientific institutions and higher education
- .com.ru : commercial organizations
- .edu.ru : education
- .gov.ru : Russia's federal government
- .int.ru : international organizations
- .mil.ru : the Russian military
- .net.ru : organizations having to do with the Internet
- .org.ru : noncommercial organizations
- .pp.ru : individuals
Second-level domains for federal subjects of Russia
Note that some federal subjects have multiple second-level domains, and others (not listed below) have none.
- .adygeya.ru : Adygea
- .bashkiria.ru : Bashkortostan
- .buryatia.ru, .ulan-ude.ru : Buryatia
- .grozny.ru : Chechnya
- .cap.ru : Chuvashia
- .dagestan.ru : Dagestan
- .nalchik.ru : Kabardino-Balkaria
- .kalmykia.ru : Kalmykia
- .kchr.ru : Karachayâ€"Cherkessia
- .karelia.ru, .ptz.ru : Republic of Karelia
- .khakassia.ru : Khakassia
- .komi.ru : Komi Republic
- .mari-el.ru, mari.ru, .joshkar-ola.ru : Mari El
- .mordovia.ru : Mordovia
- .yakutia.ru : Sakha Republic
- .vladikavkaz.ru : North Ossetiaâ€"Alania
- .kazan.ru, .tatarstan.ru : Tatarstan
- .tuva.ru : Tuva
- .izhevsk.ru, .udmurtia.ru, .udm.ru : Udmurtia
- .altai.ru : Altai Krai
- .kamchatka.ru : Kamchatka Krai (.palana.ru was used by Koryak Autonomous Okrug before it was merged into Kamchatka Krai)
- .khabarovsk.ru, .khv.ru : Khabarovsk Krai
- .kuban.ru : Krasnodar Krai
- .krasnoyarsk.ru : Krasnoyarsk Krai
- .perm.ru : Perm Krai
- .marine.ru, .vladivostok.ru : Primorsky Krai
- .stavropol.ru, .stv.ru : Stavropol Krai
- .chita.ru : Zabaykalsky Krai
- .amur.ru : Amur Oblast
- .arkhangelsk.ru : Arkhangelsk Oblast
- .astrakhan.ru : Astrakhan Oblast
- .belgorod.ru : Belgorod Oblast
- .bryansk.ru : Bryansk Oblast
- .chelyabinsk.ru, .chel.ru : Chelyabinsk Oblast
- .ivanovo.ru : Ivanovo Oblast
- .irkutsk.ru : Irkutsk Oblast
- .koenig.ru : Kaliningrad Oblast
- .kaluga.ru : Kaluga Oblast
- .kemerovo.ru : Kemerovo Oblast
- .kirov.ru, .vyatka.ru : Kirov Oblast
- .kostroma.ru : Kostroma Oblast
- .kurgan.ru : Kurgan Oblast
- .kursk.ru : Kursk Oblast
- .lipetsk.ru : Lipetsk Oblast
- .magadan.ru : Magadan Oblast
- .mosreg.ru : Moscow Oblast
- .murmansk.ru : Murmansk Oblast
- .nnov.ru : Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
- .nov.ru : Novgorod Oblast
- .novosibirsk.ru, .nsk.ru : Novosibirsk Oblast
- .omsk.ru : Omsk Oblast
- .orenburg.ru : Orenburg Oblast
- .oryol.ru : Oryol Oblast
- .penza.ru : Penza Oblast
- .pskov.ru : Pskov Oblast
- .rnd.ru : Rostov Oblast
- .ryazan.ru : Ryazan Oblast
- .samara.ru : Samara Oblast
- .saratov.ru : Saratov Oblast
- .sakhalin.ru, .yuzhno-sakhalinsk.ru : Sakhalin Oblast
- .e-burg.ru, .yekaterinburg.ru : Sverdlovsk Oblast
- .smolensk.ru : Smolensk Oblast
- .tambov.ru : Tambov Oblast
- .tver.ru : Tver Oblast
- .tomsk.ru, .tom.ru, .tsk.ru : Tomsk Oblast
- .tula.ru : Tula Oblast
- .tyumen.ru : Tyumen Oblast
- .simbirsk.ru : Ulyanovsk Oblast
- .vladimir.ru : Vladimir Oblast
- .volgograd.ru, .tsaritsyn.ru : Volgograd Oblast
- .vologda.ru : Vologda Oblast
- .cbg.ru, .voronezh.ru, .vrn.ru : Voronezh Oblast
- .yaroslavl.ru : Yaroslavl Oblast
- .mos.ru, .msk.ru : Moscow
- .spb.ru : Saint Petersburg
- .bir.ru, .jar.ru : Jewish Autonomous Oblast
- .chukotka.ru : Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
- .surgut.ru : Khantyâ€"Mansi Autonomous Okrug
- .yamal.ru : Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Other geographic second-level domains
These were created before CCTLD.RU established its rules for geographic second-level domain names, and have had to be grandfathered in.
- .amursk.ru : Amursk
- .baikal.ru : Lake Baikal region
- .cmw.ru : Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Yessentuki, Zheleznovodsk
- .fareast.ru : the Russian Far East
- .jamal.ru : Yamal Peninsula
- .kms.ru : Komsomolsk-na-Amure
- .k-uralsk.ru : Kamensk-Uralsky
- .kustanai.ru : Kustanai
- .kuzbass.ru : the Kuznetsk Basin
- .magnitka.ru : Magnitogorsk
- .mytis.ru : Mytischi
- .nakhodka.ru : Nakhodka
- .nkz.ru : Novokuznetsk
- .norilsk.ru : Norilsk
- .snz.ru : Snezhinsk
- .oskol.ru : Stary Oskol
- .pyatigorsk.ru : Pyatigorsk
- .rubtsovsk.ru : Rubtsovsk
- .syzran.ru : Syzran
- .tlt.ru :Tolyatti
- .vdonsk.ru : Volgodonsk
In addition, the .test.ru second-level domain is reserved for use in examples.
See also
- Internet in Russia
- .su
- Technical Center of Internet
References
External links
- IANA .ru whois information
- Coordination Center for TLD RU
- RIPN
 This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
